The Biblical Term ger : Questions on Meaning, Etymology and Semantic Field.

Authors

  • Reinaldo W. Siqueira

Keywords:

Ger, Alien, Hebrew Bible.

Abstract

In recent scholarly debate, the common definition of the Hebrew biblical term ger as “resident alien” in Israel has been strongly questioned. Some of the arguments in such a debate belong to the linguistic and semantic field of the term. Specially, a certain focus has been given to its etymology and its relationship to the Hebrew root gwr I. The present study analyses these arguments under the light of the biblical data, of the Hebrew biblical language and its cognates.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barton, John. Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study. Revised and enlarged ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster, John Knox Press, 1996.

Bultmann, Christoph. Der Fremde im antiken Juda: eine Untersuchung zum sozialen Typenbegriff ‘ger’ und seinem Bedeutungswandel in der alttestamentlichen Gesetzgebung. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, v. 153. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992.

Cassuto, Umberto. The Documentary Hypothesis: Eight Lectures. Traduzido por Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes Press; The Hebrew University, 1961.

Clines, David J. A. Job 1-20. Word Biblical Commentary, v. 17. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 1989.

Dandamayev, Muhammad A. “Slavery: Ancient Near East”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 6:58-62.

_____. “Slavery: Old Testament”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 6:62-65.

Dearman, J. Andrew e Gerald L. Mattingly. “Mesha Stele”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 4:708-709.

Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed. A New Concordance of the Bible. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer Publishing House, 1990.

Hasel, Gerhard F. Biblical Interpretation Today. Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, 1985.

Herdner, A. Corpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit de 1929 à 1939. 2 v. Mission de Ras Shamra, t. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale; P. Geuthner, 1963.

Joüon, Paul e T. Muraoka. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. 2 v. Subsidia Biblica, 14/I-II. Roma: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1993.

Kaufmann, Yehezkel. The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Kautzsch, E., ed. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. 2nd English ed., revised by A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

Kellermann, Diether. “Gûr; gêr; meghûrîm”. In: G. J. Botterweck e H. Ringgren, eds.Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1988. 2:439-449.

Kitchen, K. A. Ancient Orient and Old Testament. Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1966.

Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner e J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 v. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994-2000.

Milgrom, Jacob. “The Resident Hireling”. In: Y. Hoffman e F. H. Polak, eds. A Light for Jacob: Studies in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls in Memory of Jacob Shalom Licht , 10-13. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute; Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, 1997.

Neufeld, E. “The Prohibitions Against Loans at Interest in Ancient Hebrew Laws”. Hebrew Union College Annual 26 (1955): 355-412.

Oppenheim, A. Leo, ed. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute; Glückstadt, GR: J. J. Augustin Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1956. 5:G.

Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3ª ed. with supplement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.

Ramírez Kidd, José E. Alterity and Identity in Israel: The [Ger] in the Old Testament. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, v. 283. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter, 1999.

Redentorff, Rolf. “The Ger in the Priestly Laws of the Pentateuch”. In: M. G. Brett, ed. Ethnicity and the Bible, 77-87. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.

Rothschild, Max M. “Aliens and Israelites – Part 1”. Dor le Dor 9:4 (1981):196-202.

Sarna, Nahum M. Genesis. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.

Schökel, Luis Alonso. Dicionário bíblico hebraico-português. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997.

Siqueira, Reinaldo W. “Identidade e significado: a figura do g1r na Torá”. Programa de Pós-doutorado em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2009.

Spina, Frank. “Israelites as Gerîm, „Sojourners,‟ in Social and Historical Context”. In:C. L. Meyers e M. O‟Connor, eds. The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in His Sixtieth Birthday, 321-325. Winona Lake, IN:Eisenbrauns, 1983.

Sulzberger, M. The Status of Labor in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Dropsie College, 1923.

Tigay, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996.

van Houten, Christiana de Groot. The Alien in Israelite Law. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, v. 107. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991.

Wenham, Gordon J. “The Structure and Date of Deuteronomy: A Consideration of Aspects of the History of Deuteronomy Criticism and a Re-examination of the Question of Structure and Date in the Light of that History and of the Near Eastern Treaties”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1969.

Westermann, Claus. Genesis 12-36: A Commentary. Traduzido por John J. Scullion. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.

Published

2009-09-09

How to Cite

SIQUEIRA, R. W. The Biblical Term ger : Questions on Meaning, Etymology and Semantic Field. Kerygma, Engenheiro coelho (SP), v. 5, n. 2, p. 27–62, 2009. Disponível em: https://revistas.unasp.edu.br/kerygma/article/view/200. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2024.

Issue

Section

Artigos