The Biblical Term ger : Questions on Meaning, Etymology and Semantic Field.

Authors

  • Reinaldo W. Siqueira

Keywords:

Ger, Alien, Hebrew Bible.

Abstract

In recent scholarly debate, the common definition of the Hebrew biblical term ger as “resident alien” in Israel has been strongly questioned. Some of the arguments in such a debate belong to the linguistic and semantic field of the term. Specially, a certain focus has been given to its etymology and its relationship to the Hebrew root gwr I. The present study analyses these arguments under the light of the biblical data, of the Hebrew biblical language and its cognates.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barton, John. Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study. Revised and enlarged ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster, John Knox Press, 1996.

Bultmann, Christoph. Der Fremde im antiken Juda: eine Untersuchung zum sozialen Typenbegriff ‘ger’ und seinem Bedeutungswandel in der alttestamentlichen Gesetzgebung. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, v. 153. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992.

Cassuto, Umberto. The Documentary Hypothesis: Eight Lectures. Traduzido por Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes Press; The Hebrew University, 1961.

Clines, David J. A. Job 1-20. Word Biblical Commentary, v. 17. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 1989.

Dandamayev, Muhammad A. “Slavery: Ancient Near East”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 6:58-62.

_____. “Slavery: Old Testament”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 6:62-65.

Dearman, J. Andrew e Gerald L. Mattingly. “Mesha Stele”. In: D. N. Freedman, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 4:708-709.

Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed. A New Concordance of the Bible. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer Publishing House, 1990.

Hasel, Gerhard F. Biblical Interpretation Today. Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, 1985.

Herdner, A. Corpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit de 1929 à 1939. 2 v. Mission de Ras Shamra, t. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale; P. Geuthner, 1963.

Joüon, Paul e T. Muraoka. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. 2 v. Subsidia Biblica, 14/I-II. Roma: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1993.

Kaufmann, Yehezkel. The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Kautzsch, E., ed. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. 2nd English ed., revised by A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

Kellermann, Diether. “Gûr; gêr; meghûrîm”. In: G. J. Botterweck e H. Ringgren, eds.Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1988. 2:439-449.

Kitchen, K. A. Ancient Orient and Old Testament. Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1966.

Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner e J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 v. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994-2000.

Milgrom, Jacob. “The Resident Hireling”. In: Y. Hoffman e F. H. Polak, eds. A Light for Jacob: Studies in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls in Memory of Jacob Shalom Licht , 10-13. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute; Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, 1997.

Neufeld, E. “The Prohibitions Against Loans at Interest in Ancient Hebrew Laws”. Hebrew Union College Annual 26 (1955): 355-412.

Oppenheim, A. Leo, ed. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute; Glückstadt, GR: J. J. Augustin Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1956. 5:G.

Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3ª ed. with supplement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.

Ramírez Kidd, José E. Alterity and Identity in Israel: The [Ger] in the Old Testament. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, v. 283. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter, 1999.

Redentorff, Rolf. “The Ger in the Priestly Laws of the Pentateuch”. In: M. G. Brett, ed. Ethnicity and the Bible, 77-87. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.

Rothschild, Max M. “Aliens and Israelites – Part 1”. Dor le Dor 9:4 (1981):196-202.

Sarna, Nahum M. Genesis. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.

Schökel, Luis Alonso. Dicionário bíblico hebraico-português. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997.

Siqueira, Reinaldo W. “Identidade e significado: a figura do g1r na Torá”. Programa de Pós-doutorado em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2009.

Spina, Frank. “Israelites as Gerîm, „Sojourners,‟ in Social and Historical Context”. In:C. L. Meyers e M. O‟Connor, eds. The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in His Sixtieth Birthday, 321-325. Winona Lake, IN:Eisenbrauns, 1983.

Sulzberger, M. The Status of Labor in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Dropsie College, 1923.

Tigay, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996.

van Houten, Christiana de Groot. The Alien in Israelite Law. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, v. 107. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991.

Wenham, Gordon J. “The Structure and Date of Deuteronomy: A Consideration of Aspects of the History of Deuteronomy Criticism and a Re-examination of the Question of Structure and Date in the Light of that History and of the Near Eastern Treaties”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1969.

Westermann, Claus. Genesis 12-36: A Commentary. Traduzido por John J. Scullion. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.

Downloads

Published

2009-09-09

How to Cite

SIQUEIRA, R. W. The Biblical Term ger : Questions on Meaning, Etymology and Semantic Field. Kerygma, Engenheiro coelho (SP), v. 5, n. 2, p. 27–62, 2009. Disponível em: https://revistas.unasp.edu.br/kerygma/article/view/200. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2009)

Section

Artigos

License

Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:

  1. Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
  2. All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
  3. Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
  4. The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
  5. The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
  6. The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
  7. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
  8. The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
  9. The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
  10. Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
  11. Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
  12. Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")