Immortality? The Destiny of the “Spirit” of the Righteous at the Moment of Death

Authors

  • Adriani Milli Rodrigues

Keywords:

death, immortality, spirit, soul, eternal life, intermediate state.

Abstract

A briefly and superficial reading of biblical texts regarding the death of the righteous, can open margin for different interpretations about its immediate destiny. For a group of researchers, that believes in the dualism of the human being, in the death of a believer, the immaterial soul remains in an unconscious state. In that same segment there are those who believe in a future resurrection of the body while others reject such idea. However, for the group that believes that the human nature is a radical unity, there is not a spiritual entity that survives death. Between these two groups, there are those who advocate that the individual resurrection occurs directly after the death of the righteous, while others believe in a future collective resurrection, implying an unconscious state endured by the righteous between death and resurrection. The present study deals with the subject analyzing words and ideas that are related to the human spirit from a biblical perspective and also from the perspective of the history of Christian theology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bacchiocchi, Samuele. Immortality or Resurrection? A Biblical Study on Human Nature and Destiny. Berrien Springs, MI: Biblical Perspectives, 1997.

Balz, Horst e Schneider, Gehard. Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eedermans, 2001.

Barth, Karl. Dogmatics in Outline. London, England: SCM Press, 1958.

Bauer, Johannes B. Diccionario de Teología Bíblica. Barcelona, España: Editorial Herder, 1985.

Bíblia de Estudo Almeida. Revista e Atualizada. 2ª edição. Traduzida por João Ferreira de Almeida. Barueri, SP: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 1999.

Boehner, Philotheus e Gilson, Etienne. História da Filosofia Cristã – desde as origens até Nicolau de Cusa. Traduzido por Raimundo Vier. 8ª edição. Petrópolis, RJ: Editora Vozes, 2003.

Brown, Colin e Lothar Coenen, Dicionário Internacional de Teologia do Novo Testamento. Traduzido por Gordon Chown. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 2000.

Brown, Colin. Filosofia e Fé Cristã – um esboço histórico desde a Idade Média até o presente. Traduzido por Gordon Chown. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 2001.

Cairns, Earle E. O Cristianismo através dos Séculos: uma história da Igreja Cristã. Traduzido por Israel Belo Azevedo. 2ª edição. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 1995.

Cullmann, Oscar. Imortalidade da Alma ou Ressurreição dos Mortos. Artur Nogueira, SP: Centro de Estudos Evangélicos, 2002.

Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. 7ª edição. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989.

Evans, Craig A. Novo Comentário Bíblico Contemporâneo – Lucas. Traduzido por Oswaldo Ramos. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 1996.

Ferreira, Júlio Andrade. Antologia Teológica. São Paulo: Editora Novo Século, 2003.

Froom, Le Roy Edwin. The Conditionalist Faith of Our Fathers – The Conflict of the Ages Over the Nature and Destiny of Man. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1966.

Guthrie, Donald. “A Vida Após a Morte”, Imortalidade. 2ª edição. Editado por Russell P. Shedd e Alan Pieratt. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 2000.

Haenchen, Ernst. The Acts of the Apostles – a Comentary. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1971.

Harris, R. Laird, Acher, Gleason L. Jr. e Waltke, Bruce K. Dicionário Internacional de Teologia do Antigo Testamento. Traduzido por Márcio Loureiro Redondo, Luiz A.T. Sayão e Carlos Oswaldo C. Pinto. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 1998.

Harrison, Everett F. Interpreting Acts – The Expanding Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1986.

Hawthorne, Gerald F. Word Biblical Commentary: Philippians. Waco, Texas: Word Books Publisher, 1983.

Knight, George R. A search for Identity – The Development of Seventh-day Adventist Beliefs. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2000.

Ladd, George. Apocalipse – introdução e comentário. Série Cultura Bíblica. São Paulo: Sociedade Religiosa Edições Vida Nova e Associação Religiosa Editora Mundo Cristão, 1989.

________. Teologia do Novo Testamento. Traduzido por Dara Dusilek, Jussara Marindir Pinto Simões Árias. São Paulo: Editora Hagnos, 2001.

Lenski, R. C. H. The Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House, 1961.

Nichol, Francis D. Respostas a Objeções: uma defesa bíblica da doutrina adventista. Traduzido por Francisco Alves Pontes. Tatuí, SP: Casa Publicadora Brasileira, 2004.

Nisto Cremos: 27 Ensinos Bíblicos dos Adventistas dos Sétimo Dia. Traduzido por Hélio L. Grellmann. 7ª edição. Tatuí, SP: Casa Publicadora Brasileira, 2003.

Olson, Roger. História da Teologia Cristã - 2000 anos de tradição e reformas. Traduzido por Gordon Chown. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 2001.

Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. 8 vols. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1958

Smith, Ralph L. Teologia do Antigo Testamento: história, método e mensagem. Traduzido por Hans Udo Fuchs e Lucy Yamakami. São Paulo: Edições Vida Nova, 2001.

Vikler, Henry A. Hermenêutica Avançada: princípios e processo de interpretação bíblica. Traduzido por Luiz Aparecido Caruso. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 2001.

Wigram, George V. The Englishman´s Greek Concordance of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1970.

Downloads

Published

2006-03-11

How to Cite

RODRIGUES, A. M. Immortality? The Destiny of the “Spirit” of the Righteous at the Moment of Death. Kerygma, Engenheiro coelho (SP), v. 2, n. 1, p. 56, 2006. Disponível em: https://revistas.unasp.edu.br/kerygma/article/view/312. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2006)

Section

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso

License

Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:

  1. Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
  2. All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
  3. Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
  4. The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
  5. The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
  6. The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
  7. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
  8. The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
  9. The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
  10. Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
  11. Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
  12. Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")