Expiação: na terra ou no céu? Um panorama da pesquisa sobre o conceito de expiação celestial em Hebreus
Keywords:
Epístola aos Hebreus, Expiação, Santuário celestial.Abstract
Este artigo fará, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, uma apresentação panorâmica da crescente tendência na pesquisa em Hebreus de ver a expiação efetuada por Cristo como algo que acontece no céu, mais especificamente, no santuário celestial (de maneira real, não metafórica). Para isso, será provido um breve histórico desse conceito de expiação, e os autores contemporâneos serão agrupados nos dois principais modelos conceituais de expiação no céu: o Modelo 1 (a expiação começa na terra e termina no céu), e o Modelo 2 (a expiação é efetuada totalmente no céu). Esta pesquisa revela que a ideia de uma expiação ocorrendo no céu, após a cruz, não é uma invenção recente, e seus argumentos, e os desdobramentos deles, merecem ser alvo de estudos ainda mais profundos.
Downloads
References
BARNARD, J. A. The Mysticism of Hebrews: exploring the role of Jewish apocalyptic mysticism in the epistle to the hebrews. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.
BARKLEY, G. W. (trad.). Homilies on Leviticus: 1-16. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1990. (The Fathers of the Church).
BARRETT, CH. K. The Eschatology of the Epistle to the Hebrews. In: DAVIES, W. D.; DAUBE, D. (Eds.). The Background of the New Testament and its Eschatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
BROOKS, W. E. The Perpetuity of Christ’s Sacrifice in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Journal of Biblical Literature. Atlanta, v. 89, n. 2, p. 205-214, 1970. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2k925dH>. Acesso em: 09 jan. 2018.
CALAWAY, J. C. The Sabbath and the Sanctuary: access to God in the letter to the hebrews and its priestly context. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
CERVERA I VALLIS, J. Jesús, Gran Sacerdot i Víctima en Hebreus: Una Teologia Judeocristiana de la Mediació i de l’Expiació. Revista Catalana de Teologia, v. 34, n. 2, p. 477-502, 2009. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2L7qSuJ>. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2018.
CHESTER, A. N. Hebrews: the final sacrifice. In: SYKES, S. W. (Ed.). Sacrifice and Redemption: Durham essays in Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
CODY, A. Heavenly Sanctuary and Liturgy in the Epistle to the Hebrews: The Achievement of Salvation in the Epistle’s Perspectives. St. Meinrad: Grail, 1960.
CORTEZ, F. H. From the Holy to the Most Holy Place: The Period of Hebrews 9:6–10 and the Day of Atonement as a Metaphor of Transition. Journal of Biblical Literature. Atlanta, v. 125, n. 3, p. 527–547, 2006. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2k2BleC>. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2018.
CORTEZ, F. H. The anchor of the soul that enters within the veil: the ascension of the “Son” in the letter to the Hebrews. Tese (Doutorado em Religião sobre Novo Testamento). Berrien Springs: Andrews University, 2008. p. 317-322. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2HFSeoL>. Acesso em: 23 de jul. 2017.
DAVIES, John H. The Heavenly Work of Christ in Hebrews. Studia Evangelica, v. 4, p. 384-389, 1968.
DELITZSCH, F. Commentary on the epistle to the Hebrews. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1887.
DESILVA, D. A. Perseverance in gratitude: a socio-rhetorical commentary on the epistle to “the Hebrews”. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.
DESILVA, D. A. The invention and argumentative function of priestly discourse in the epistle to the Hebrews, Bulletin for Biblical Research, v. 16, n. 2, p. 295-323, 2006. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2ItGV4c>. Acesso em: 11 nov. 2017.
ESKOLA, T. A narrative theology of the New Testament: exploring the metanarrative of exile and restoration. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015.
GÄBEL, G. Die kulttheologie des hebraerbriefes: eine exegetisch-religionsgeschichtliche studie. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006.
GUTHRIE, G. H. Hebreos: del texto bíblico a una aplicación contemporânea. Miami: Vida, 2014. (Comentario bíblico com aplicación NVI).
GUTHRIE, G. H. Hebrews. In: BEALE, G. K.; CARSON, D. A. (Eds.). Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.
GUTHRIE, G. H. The Structure of Hebrews: a text-linguistic analysis. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
HABER, S. From priestly torah to Christ cultus: the re-vision of covenant and cult in hebrews. Journal for the Study of the New Testament, v. 28, n. 1, p. 105-124, 2005. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2IQHeK8>. Acesso em: 27 dez. 2017.
HILL, R. C. (trad.). Theodoret of Cyrus: commentaries on the letters of St. Paul. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2001. v. 2.
JAMIESON, R. B. When and where did Jesus offer himself? A taxonomy of recent scholarship on Hebrews. Currents in Biblical Research, v. 15, n. 3, p. 338-368, 2017. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2KlRMOt>. Acesso em: 13 dez. 2017.
JOHNSON, L. T. Hebrews: a commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2006. (The New Testament Library).
KIBBE, M. Is it finished? When did it start? Hebrews, priesthood, and atonement in biblical, systematic, and historical perspective. The Journal of Theological Studies, v. 65, n. 1, p. 25-61, 2014. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2rH4xLD>. Acesso em: 27 dez. 2017.
KOESTER, C. R. Hebrews: a new translation with introduction and commentary. New York: Doubleday, 2001. (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries).
LINDARS, B. The theology of the Letter to the Hebrews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. (New Testament Theology).
MACKIE, S. D. Eschatology and Exhortation in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
MACKIE, S. D. Heavenly sanctuary mysticism in the epistle to the Hebrews. The Journal of Theological Studies, v. 62, n. 1, p.77-117, 2011. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2KwauTo>. Acesso em 17 dez. 2017.
MALHEIROS, I. As raízes conceituais de Hebreus e a metodologia de pesquisa. Anais do Congresso Internacional da Faculdades EST. São Leopoldo, v. 3, p. 272-279, 2016. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2rNsrWu>. Acesso em: 08 jan 2018.
MALHEIROS, I. Hebreus e o santuário no céu. Vox Scripturae – Revista Teológica Internacional. São Bento do Sul, v. 25, n. 1, p. 49-71, 2017a. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2simGR4>. Acesso em: 08 jan. 2018.
MALHEIROS, I. Os lugares de atuação sacerdotal e as alusões ao dia da expiação em hebreus. Revista Caminhando, v. 22, n. 2, p. 165-175, 2017b. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2rPfo6t>. Acesso em 08 jan. 2018.
MALHEIROS, I. Os títulos sacerdotais e as alusões ao dia da expiação em hebreus. Revista Caminhando, v. 22, n. 1, p. 133-148, 2017c. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2IpT9z4>. Acesso em: 28 dez 2017.
MASON, E. F. You Are a Priest Forever: second temple Jewish messianic and the priestly Christology of the epistle to the Hebrews. Leiden: Brill Academic Publication, 2008.
MASON, E. Sit at my right hand: enthronement and the heavenly sanctuary in Hebrews. In: MASON, E. F.; BAUTCH, K. C.; HARKINS, A. K.; MACHIELA, D. A. (Eds.). A Teacher for All Generations: essays in honor of James C. VanderKam. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
MICHEL, O. Der Brief an die Hebraer. Güttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966.
MILLIGAN, W. The Resurrection of our Lord. New York: Macmillan, 1917.
MILLIGAN, G. The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews: with a critical introduction. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1899.
MINGANA, Alphonse (Ed.). Commentary of Theodore of Mopsuestia on the Lord’s Prayer and on the Sacraments of Baptism and Eucharist. Cambridge: Heffer & Sons, 1933.
MOFFITT, D. M. Atonement and the Logic of Resurrection in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
MOFFITT, D. M. Jesus’ heavenly sacrifice in early christian reception of Hebrews: a survey. The Journal of Theological Studies, v. 68, n. 1, p. 46-71, 2017. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2jWu6VH>. Acesso em: 27 dez. 2017.
MOFFITT, D. M. Serving in Heaven’s Temple: Sacred Space, Yom Kippur, and Jesus’ Superior Offering in Hebrews. In: ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE, 2012, Chicago. Anais… Rio de Janeiro: Universität Basel, 2012. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2Lax1pV>. Acesso em: 01 jan. 2018.
MOFFITT, D. M. The role of Jesus’ resurrection in the epistle to the Hebrews, once again: a brief response to Jean-René Moret. New Testament Studies, v. 62, n. 2, p. 308-314, 2016. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2Lay4pR>. Acesso em: 01 jan. 2018.
MOORE, N. J. Repetition in Hebrews: plurality and singularity in the letter to the Hebrews, its ancient context, and the early church. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015.
MORET, J. R. Le rôle du concept de purification dans l’Épître aux Hébreux: une réaction à quelques propositions de David M. Moffitt. New Testament Studies, v. 62, n. 2, p. 289-307, 2016. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2k9xTPD>. Acesso em: 01 jan. 2018.
NELSON, R. D. He offered himself: sacrifice in Hebrews. Interpretation, v. 57, n. 3, p. 251-265, 2003. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2GqSK9M>. Acesso em: 18 de nov. 2017.
ORLOV, A. A. The Atoning Dyad: the two goats of Yom Kippur in the apocalypse of Abraham. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
ORTLUND, G. The voice of his blood: Christ’s intercession in the thought of Stephen Charnock. Themelios, v. 38, n. 3, p. 375-389, 2013. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2IQ830W>. Acesso em: 03 dez. 2018.
PURSIFUL, D. J. The Cultic Motif in the Spirituality of the Book of Hebrews. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1993.
RIBBENS, Benjamin J. Levitical sacrifice and heavenly cult in Hebrews. Tese (Doutorado em Teologia) – Wheaton: Wheaton College, 2013. 145f. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2t0qAO9>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2015
STÖKL BEN EZRA, D. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: the day of atonement from second temple judaism to the fifth century. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003.
VIS, J. M. The Purification Offering of Leviticus and the Sacrificial Offering of Jesus. Tese (Doutorado em Teologia). Durham: Duke University, 2012. 258f. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/2rMhDbu>. Acesso em: 04 jan. 2018.
WILLIAMSON, R. Philo and the Epistle to the Hebrews. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
WILLI-PLEIN, I. Some remarks on Hebrews from the viewpoint of Old Testament exegesis. In: GELARDINI, G. (Ed.). Hebrews: contemporary methods - new insights. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:
- Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
- All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
- Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
- The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
- The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
- The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
- The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
- The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
- Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
- Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
- Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")
