The Identity of the Goat for Azazel in Leviticus 16

Authors

  • Sidnei da Rosa

Keywords:

Azazel, Day of Atonement, Goat, Christ.

Abstract

The discussion concerning the identity of the goat for Azazel, mentioned in chapter 16 of Leviticus, has divided the opinions among the scholars. The different interpretations vary from seeing it as a symbol of a demon to considering it as a symbol of Christ. Some understand the word Azazel as a technical term, others as a geographical name. The present monograph intends to analyze the function of the goat for Azazel in the context of the Day of Atonement and, from such a basis, to critically evaluate each interpretation concerning the goat for Azazel.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Allis, O. T. O novo comentário da Bíblia. São Paulo: Sociedade Religiosa Edições Vida Nova, 1954. 1:171.

Badina, J. “The Millennium”. em F. B. Holbrook ed. Symposium on Revelation- Book II, Daniel & Revelation Committee Series. v.7. Silver Spring: Biblical Research Institute, 1992. 237.

Blaser, P. “Azazel”. em Enciclopedia de la Biblia. Ed. A. Díez-Macho. Barcelona: Ediciones Garriga, 1963. 1:958-961

Brown, F. ed., A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. 752.

Calvin, J. Calvin’s Commentaries. Grand Rapids, MI: Associated Publishers and Authors Inc., [19--?]. 791.

Champlin, R. N. Antigo Testamento interpretado. São Paulo: Editora Hagnos, 2001. 1: 4143, 4144.

De Vaux, R. Instituições de Israel no Antigo Testamento. São Paulo: Editora Teológica, 2003. 545.

Eichrodt, W. Teologia do Antigo Testamento. São Paulo: Hagnos, 2004. 681.

Harris, R. L. “Leviticus”. em The Expositors Bible Commentary. v.2. Ed. Gaebelein, F. E. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1990. 590, 591.

________ “Kapar”. Em Dicionário internacional de teologia do Antigo Testamento. Ed. R. Lair Harris. São Paulo: Sociedade Religiosa Edições Vida Nova, 2005. 744

Harrison, Roland K. Levítico: Introdução e Comentário. São Paulo: Associação Religiosa Editora Cristã e Sociedade Religiosa Edições Vida Nova, 1989. 157.

Hartley, J. E. Leviticus. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word Books, 1992. 238.

Hasel, G. F. “The Day of Atonoment”. Ed. A. V. Wallenkampf. The Sanctuary and the Atonement: Biblical, Historical and Theological Studies. Washington DC.: The Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1981. 91-96.

Hastings, J. The Great Texts of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1976. 1:356.

Janowsky, B. “Azazel”. Em Dictionary of Deities, and Demons in the Bible. Ed. Karel Van Der Toorn. Grand Rapids,MI:Willian B. Eerdmans, 1999. 129-130.

Keil, C. F. Old Testament Commentaries: Genesis to Judges. Chicago: Associated Publishers and Authors Inc., [19--?]. 1:683.

Levine, B. A. Em Leviticus: The JPS Torah Commentary.v.3. Ed. N. M. Sarna. New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1989. 101-103.

Martínez, F. G. The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated. Grand Rapids, MI:Willian B. Eerdmans, 1996. 212, 248-252.

Neusner, J. The Mishná - a New Translation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988. 275.

Peisker, A. D. The Wesleyam Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Willian B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1967. 338.

Poole,M. A Commentary on the Holy Bible. S.l.: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1962. 1:231.

Rodrigues, A. M. “Transfer of Sin in Leviticus”. Em Frank B. Holbrook ed. 70 Weeks, Leviticus, Nature of Prophecy. Daniel & Revelation Committee Series. v.3. Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, 1986.172-180.

Schultz, C. “Azazel, bode emissário”. Em Dicionário Internacional de Teologia do Antigo Testamento. Ed. R. Lair Harris. São Paulo: Sociedade Religiosa Edições Vida Nova, 2005. 1099.

Shea, W. H. “Azazel na Literatura pseudo-epígrafa” Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 13/01(spring 2002):1-9.

Sparks, H. F. D., ed. The Apocryphal Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. 1:174

Stott, J. R. W. A Cruz de Cristo. São Paulo: Editora Vida, 1986. 130- 131.

Treyer, A. R. El Día de la Expiación y la Purificación del Santuario. Buenos Aires: Asociación Casa Editora Sudamericana, 1988. 32.

Volck, W., “Azazel”. Em The New Schaff-Hezog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1966. 1:389.

Wenham, Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. Em The New Internacional Commentary on the Old Testament, v. 3, ed. R. K. Harrison. Grand Rapids, MI: Willian B. Eerdmans, 1979. 233-234.

Wright, P. D., “Atonement, Day of”. Em The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. Ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 1: 536-537.

Downloads

Published

2009-09-14

How to Cite

ROSA, S. da. The Identity of the Goat for Azazel in Leviticus 16. Kerygma, Engenheiro coelho (SP), v. 5, n. 2, p. 195, 2009. Disponível em: https://revistas.unasp.edu.br/kerygma/article/view/205. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2009)

Section

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso

License

Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:

  1. Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
  2. All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
  3. Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
  4. The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
  5. The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
  6. The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
  7. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
  8. The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
  9. The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
  10. Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
  11. Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
  12. Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")