“QUANDO QUIRINO ERA GOVERNADOR DA SÍRIA”

PELA PLAUSIBILIDADE HISTÓRICA DE LUCAS 2:2.

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19141/1809-2454.kerygma.v16.n2.p75-97

Palabras clave:

Census, Quirinius, Historicity, Luke

Resumen

     

             O presente artigo emprega uma abordagem historiográfica comparativa que visa avaliar a plausibilidade histórica do censo de Lucas 2:2. Nenhuma evidência de um censo sob a supervisão de Quirino na Judeia antes da morte de Herodes pôde ser encontrada, contudo, há suficientes evidencias da plausibilidade história de Lucas 2:2 quando considerado o contexto mais amplo no qual se encontra o registro do censo, i.e. a natureza dos censos romanos, o sistema censitário Egípcio, os escritos de Flávio Josefo, o relacionamento de Herodes com Roma, a identidade e carreira de Quirino e a recente descoberta de um parâmetro romano de peso no território da Judeia.

Palavras chave: Censo, Quirino, Historicidade, Lucas.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

ALAND, K. et al. Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012.

BALZ, H. R.; SCHNEIDER, G. (Eds.). Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990-1993.

BARKER, K. L.; BAILEY, D. W. Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 1999. (The New American Commentary, v. 20).

BLEDSOE, A. M. D. Qumran, Khirbet. In: BARRY, J. D. et al. (Eds.). The Lexham Bible dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

BLUMELL, Lincoln H.; WAYMENT, T. A. When was Jesus born? A response to a recent proposal. BYU Studies Quarterly, v. 51, p. 53-81, 2012.

BOCKMUEHL, M. The Son of David and his mother. The Journal of Theological Studies, v. 62, n. 2, p. 476-493, 2011.

BOND, H. K. The historical Jesus: a guide for the perplexed. London: T&T Clark International, 2012.

BOWMAN, A. K. Egypt. In: BOWMAN, A. K., CHAMPLIN, E.; LINTTOT, A. (Eds.). The Cambridge ancient history: the Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (The Cambridge Ancient History, v. 10).

BRAUND, D. C. Archelaus (person). In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

BRINDLE, W. The census and Quirinius: Luke 2:2. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, v. 27, n. 1, p. 43-52, 1984.

BROWN, R. E. Gospel infancy narrative research from 1976 to 1986, part II. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, v. 48, n. 4, p. 660-680, 1986.

BROWN, R. E. The birth of the Messiah: a commentary on the infancy narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. New updated ed. New York; London: Doubleday, 1993. (The Anchor bible reference library).

BRUNT, P. A.; MOORE, A.; MICHAEL, J. (1995): Res gestae Divi Augusti: the achievements of the divine Augustus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

BUNSON, M. Encyclopaedia of the Roman Empire. 3rd ed. New York: Facts On File, 2002. (Facts on File Library of World History).

BULTMANN, R. Nuevo Testamento e mitologia: il Manifesto della Demitizzazione. Translated by Luciano Tosti and Franco Bianco. 5 ed. Firenze: Queriana, 1970.

BUTLER, T. C.Luke. Nashville, TN: Holman Reference, 2000. (Holman New Testament Commentary, v. 3).

CHADWICK, J. R. Dating the birth of Jesus Christ. Brigham Young University Studies, v. 4, n. 49, p. 4-38, 2010.

CICERO, M. T. Select orations of Cicero. Edited by J. B. Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge. Boston; London: Ginn & Company, 1898.

CLARKE, W. K. L. The chronology of the New Testament. In: GORE, C. A new commentary on Holy Scripture including the Apocrypha. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1943.

COMFORT, P. W. (Ed.). Cornerstone biblical commentary. With assistance of A. A. Trites and William J. Larkin. Carol Stream IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2005-2012.

CROSS, F. L.; LIVINGSTONE, E. A. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. 3rd ed. rev. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

CROSSAN, J. D. Who killed Jesus? Exposing the roots of anti-Semitism in the gospel story of the death of Jesus. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1995.

DABROWA, E. The date of the census of Quirinius and the chronology of the governors of the province of Syria. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, p. 137-142, 2011.

DANKER, F. W.; BAUER, W.; ARNDT, W. (Eds.). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature. With assistance of Frederick William Danker. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

DAVIES, W. D.; HORNBURY, W.; STURDY, J. The Cambridge history of Judaism, volume 3. With assistance of W. D. Davies, William Hornbury, and John Sturdy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

DEMOSS, M. S. Oxford hypothesis. In: DEMOSS, M. S. Pocket dictionary for the study of New Testament Greek. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001.

DERRETT, J. D. M. Further light on the narratives of the nativity. Novum Testamentum, v. 17, p. 81-108, 1975.

DESILVA, D. A. An introduction to the New Testament: contexts, methods & ministry formation. Leicester: Apollos, 2004.

DOLLAR, S. Cyrenius. In: BRAND, C. et al. (Eds). Bill Latta: Holman illustrated Bible dictionary. Revised and expanded. Nashville, TN: Holman Reference, 2015. p. 377.

DONFRIED, K. P. Chronology: New Testament. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

DUNCAN, D. M. Further light on the narratives of the nativity. Novum Testamentum, v. 17, n. 2, p. 81-108, 1975. https://doi.org/10.2307/1560168

DUNN, J. D. G.; MCKNIGHT, S. The historical Jesus in recent research. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005. (Sources for Biblical and Theological Study, v. 10).

EDWARDS, J. R. The gospel according to Mark. Grand Rapids; Cambridge; Leicester: Eerdmans; Apollos, 2016. (The Pillar New Testament Commentary).

EHRMAN, B. Did Jesus exist? The historical argument for Jesus of Nazareth. New York: Harper One, 2012.

ELWELL, W. A.; BEITZEL, B. J. Baker encyclopaedia of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1988.

GERTOUX, G. Herod the Great and Jesus: chronological, historical and archaeological evidence. N.p.: LULU, 2015.

GOODMAN, M. Judea. In: BOWMAN, A. K., CHAMPLIN, E.; LINTTOT, A. (Eds.). The Cambridge ancient history: the Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (The Cambridge Ancient History, v. 10).

GORE, C. A new commentary on Holy Scripture including the Apocrypha. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1943.

GRAF, D. F. Aretas. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

GRAF, D. F. Nabateans. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary.New York: Doubleday, 1992.

GREEN, J. B. Hearing the New Testament: strategies for interpretation 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans; Edinburgh: Alban, 2010.

GRUEN, E. S. The expansion of the empire under Augustus. In: BOWMAN, A. K., CHAMPLIN, E.; LINTTOT, A. (Eds.). The Cambridge ancient history: the Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69. 2. Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (The Cambridge Ancient History, v. 10).

GUPTA, N. K. Christology. In: BARRY, J. D. et al. (Eds.). The Lexham Bible dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

HAVERFIELD, F. The census of Sulpicius Quirinius. Classical Association, v. 14, n. 6, 1900.

HOLMES, M. W. (Ed.). The Greek New Testament: SBL edition. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2010.

JAMIESON, R.; FAUSSET, A. R.; BROWN, D. A commentary, critical and explanatory, on the whole Bible. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1921.

JEREMIAS, J. Jerusalem in the time of Jesus: an investigation into economic and social conditions during the New Testament period. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1969.

JOHNSON, L. T. Among the gentiles: Greco-Roman religion and Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. (Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library).

JOSEPHUS, F.; FELDMAN, L. H.; BEGG, C.; MASON, S. Flavius Josephus: translation and commentary. Edited by Steve Mason. Leiden: Brill, 2000.

JOSEPHUS, F.; WHISTON, W. The works of Flavius Josephus: comprising the antiquities of the Jews a history of the Jewish wars and life of Flavius Josephus, written by himself. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Smith & Co., 1854.

KEENER, C. S. The IVP Bible background commentary: New Testament. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993.

KOKKINOS, N. The honorand of the Titulus Tiburtinus. C. Sentius Saturninus? Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, p. 21–36, 1995.

KUGLER, R. A.; HARTIN, P. J. An introduction to the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2009.

LATASTER, R. C. Jesus did not exist: a debate among atheists. N.p.: Raphael C. Lataster, 2015.

LEVINE, A. J.; ALLISON, D. C.; CROSSAN, J. D. eds. The historical Jesus in context. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. (Princeton Readings in Religion).

LEVINE, L. I. Herod the Great (person). In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

LEWIS, C. T. An elementary Latin dictionary. Edited by Hugh Macmaster Kingery. New York: American Book Company, 1915.

LICONA, M. The resurrection of Jesus: a new historiographical approach. Nottingham: Apollos, 2018.

LICHTENBERGER, A. Was Romanisation a goal of the building policy of Herod? In: JACOBSON, D. M.; KOKKINOS, N. (Eds.). Herod and Augustus: Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st-23rd June 2005. Leiden: Brill, 2009. p. 43-65.

LOUW, J. P.; NIDA, E. A.; SMITH, R. B.; MUNSON, K. A. (Eds.). Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: based on semantic domains. 2nd ed. New York: United Bible Societies, 1989.

LUKASZEWSKI, A. L.; DUBIS, M.; BLAKLEY, J. Ted. The Lexham syntactic Greek New Testament, SBL edition: expansions and annotations. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2011), Lk 2:1.

MARSH, N. M. Adultery in the Bible. In: BARRY, J. D. et al. (Eds.). The Lexham Bible dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

MARSHALL, I. H. The Gospel of Luke: a commentary on the Greek text. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1978. (The New International Greek Testament Commentary).

MARSHALL, I. H. The present state of Lucan stidies. Themelios, v. 14, n. 2, p. 52-57, 1989.

MCDOWELL, S.; KUNKLE, B. (Eds.). The apologetics study Bible for students. Revised and updated edition. Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 2017.

MCGIFFERT, A. C. Prolegomena: the life and writings of Eusebius of Cæsarea. In SCHAFF, P.; WACE, H. (Eds.). Eusebius: Church history, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in praise of Constantine. New York: Christian Literature Company, 1890.

MCGOVERN, J. J. (Ed.). Catholic pocket dictionary and cyclopedia. Chicago: Extension Press, 1906.

MORRIS, L. Luke: an introduction and commentary. 2nd ed. Nottingham: Inter-Varsity, 2008.

(Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, v. 3).

NEGEV, A. (Ed.). The archaeological encyclopaedia of the Holy Land. With assistance of Neil Asher Silberman. 3rd ed. New York; London; Toronto: Prentice Hall Press, 1990.

PELLING, C. The Triumviral Period. In: BOWMAN, A. K., CHAMPLIN, E.; LINTTOT, A. (Eds.). The Cambridge ancient history: the Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (The Cambridge Ancient History, v. 10).

PORTER, H. Money. In: ORR, J.; NUELSEN, J. L.; MULLINS, E. Y. (Eds.). The international standard Bible encyclopaedia. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1915.

PUSKAS, C. B.; CRUMP, D. An introduction to the gospels and Acts. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2008.

RAMOS, A. Publicus Sulpicius Quirinius. In: BARRY, J. D. et al. (Eds.). The Lexham Bible dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

RAMSAY, W. M. Was Christ born at Bethlehem? A study on the credibility of St. Luke. 3d ed. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1905.

RAMSAY, W. M. St Paul the traveller and the Roman citizen. 14th enlarged ed. N.p.: Hodder and Stoughton, 1920. (The Morgan Lectures, 1894).

RENAN, E. The life of Jesus. Complete ed. London: K. Paul Trench Trübner & Co. Ltd., 1893.

RHOADS, J. H. Josephus misdated. The Census of Quirinius, v. 1, n. 54, p. 65-87, 2011.

RIST, J. M. Luke 2:2: Making sense of the date of Jesus’ birth. The Journal of Theological Studies, v. 56 (2), p. 489-491, 2005.

ROBERTSON, A. T. Word pictures in the New Testament series. Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1903-1933.

SADDINGTON, D. B. Client king’s armies under Augustus. In: JACOBSON, D. M.; KOKKINOS, N. (Eds.). Herod and Augustus: Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st-23rd June 2005. Leiden: Brill, 2009. p. 303-325.

SCHMITZ, P. C. Census: Roman census. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. et al. (Eds.). The Anchor Yale Bible dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

SCHWARTZ, D. R. On Quirinius, John the Baptist, the Benedictus, Melchizedek, Quram and Ephesus. Revue de Qumrân, v. 13, p. 635-46, 1988.

SCHÜRER, E. The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ, 175 B. C. -A. D. 135, vol. 1. Rev. ed. Edinburg: T & T Clark, 1973.

SHERWIN-WHITE, A. N. Roman society and Roman law in the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

SMITH, M. D. Of Jesus and Quirinus. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, v. 62, p. 278-293, 2000.

STEIN, R. H. Luke. Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1993. (The New American Commentary).

TACITUS, C.; FISHER, C. D. Historiorum libri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. (Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis).

SWANSON, J. ἡγεμονεύω. In: Dictionary of Biblical Languages with Semitic Domains: Greek New Testament. Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, 1997.

TAYLOR, L. R. Quirinius and the census of Judea. The American Journal of Philology, v. 54, n. 2, p. 120-133, 1933.

TEUFF, B. L. Les recensements augustéens, aux origines de l’Empire. Pallas, p. 75-90, 2014.

THOMAS, J. D. A petition to the prefect of Egypt and related imperial edicts. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, v. 61, p. 201-221, 1975.

THORLEV, J. The nativity census: what does Luke actually say? Greece & Rome, v. 26, n. 1, p. 81-84, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017383500026723

UDOH, F. E. To Caesar what is Caesar’s: tribute, taxes and imperial administration in early Roman Palestine (63 B.C.E.-70 C.E.). Providence, RI: Brown Judaic Studies, 2006. (Brown Judaic Studies, n. 343).

WATSON, A. (Ed.). Digest. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

WHITE, S. A. N. Roman society and Roman law in the New Testament. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

WINSTEAD, M. B. Herod the Great. In: BARRY, J. D. et al. (Eds.). The Lexham Bible dictionary.Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

ZEITLIN, S. The dates of the birth and the crucifixion of Jesus. The Crucifixion, a Libelous Accusation Against the Jews, v. 55, p. 1-22, 1964.

ZONDERVAN Bible Publishers. NIV faithlife study Bible: intriguing insights to inform your faith. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2017.

Publicado

2022-06-21

Cómo citar

DE OLIVEIRA NETO, M. A. “QUANDO QUIRINO ERA GOVERNADOR DA SÍRIA”: PELA PLAUSIBILIDADE HISTÓRICA DE LUCAS 2:2. Kerygma, Engenheiro coelho (SP), v. 16, n. 2, p. 75–97, 2022. DOI: 10.19141/1809-2454.kerygma.v16.n2.p75-97. Disponível em: https://revistas.unasp.edu.br/kerygma/article/view/1329. Acesso em: 4 dic. 2024.