Existentialism in Franz kafka and Qohelet: interface between literature and religion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19141/1809-2454.kerygma.v19.n1.pe1644Keywords:
Existentialism, The metamorphosis, Franz Kafka, Ecclesiastes, QoheletAbstract
This article delves into the interfaces between literature and religion by analyzing existentialism in two notable works: the biblical book of Ecclesiastes by Qohelet and "The Metamorphosis," by Franz Kafka. Despite being from different cultural and historical backgrounds, both works deeply explore the human condition, the absurdity of existence, and the search for meaning in a seemingly indifferent world. From an existentialist standpoint, the article examines how Qohelet and Kafka address themes such as alienation, anguish, and the transience of life. By drawing connections between the texts, the goal is to understand the importance of these themes in different time periods and demonstrate how literature and religion converge in expressing the most profound human concerns. In doing so, the study seeks to contribute to the scholarly debate on the interface between literature and existentialist philosophy, highlighting the resonances between biblical thought and Kafka's work.
Downloads
References
BARTON, John. Reading the Old Testament Method in Biblical Study. London, U.K.: DLT, 1984.
BLAND, Dave. Proverbs, Ecclesiastes & Song of Songs. The College Press NIV Commentary. Joplin, MO: College Press, 2002.
CARONE, Modesto. Lição de Kafka. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2009.
CASTRO NETO, J. C. C.; LEAL, Jônatas. Teologia do Qohelet: uma Proposta. Último Andar, v.30, p.119–137, 2017.
CHILDS, Brevard. Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress, 1985.
CRENSHAW, James L. Book of Ecclesiastes. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. v.2. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
DOUKHAN, Jacques. Ecclesiastes: All Is Vanity. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 2006.
ESCÓRCIO, Dalriane Miranda; MONTEIRO, Felipe Sávio Cardoso Teles. Cadernos Zygmunt Bauman: Reflexões sobre a filosofia existencialista. Disponível em: https://periodicoseletronicos.ufma.br/index.php/bauman/article/view/17064/9592. Acesso em: 12 de agosto de 2024.
FOX, Michael V. Qohelet and His Contradictions. Decatur, GA: Almond, 1989.
FOX, Michael V. The meaning of Hebel for Qohelet. Journal of Biblical Literature, v. 105, n. 3, p. 409–427, 1986.
GILES, Thomas Ransom. História do existencialismo e da fenomenologia. São Paulo: EPU, 1989.
GORSSEN, L. La cohérence de la conception de Dieu dans l’Ecclésiaste. Ephemerides TheologicaeLovanienses, v. 46, n. 3–4, p. 282–324, 1970.
HEIDEGGER, Martin. Introdução à filosofia. Tradução Marco Antônio Casanova. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2008
HEIDEGGER, Martin. Ser e tempo. Tradução Márcia de Sá Cavalcante. Parte I. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2005.
HEIDEGGER, Martin. Ser e tempo. Tradução Márcia de Sá Cavalcante. Parte II. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2005.
KAFKA, Franz. A Metamorfose. Tradução Ciro Mioranza. São Paulo, SP: Lafonte, 2021.
KEEFER, Arthur Jan. Ecclesiastes and the Meaning of Life in the Ancient World. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
KOOSED, Jennifer L. (Per)Mutations of Qoheleth: Reading the Body in the Book (New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
MORGAN, Justin Keith. Living in the Tensions: Camus, Qohelet, and the Confrontation with the Absurd. 153f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Inglês). Escola de Comunicação, LibertyUniversity, Lynchburg, Virginia, 2011
O HOMEM é a medida de todas as coisas (significado e interpretação). Disponível em: https://www.significados.com.br/o-homem-e-a-medida-de-todas-as-coisas/. Acesso em: 10 de agosto de 2024.
OTZEN, Benedikt. “עָמָל,” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: Eerdmans, 2001.
PAULA, Marcio Gimenes de. Indivíduo e comunidade na filosofia de Kierkegaard. São Paulo: Paulus, 2009.
PENHA, João da. O que é existencialismo. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 2001.
RAMOS, Joranaide Alves; FERREIRA, Natalia de Souza. Uma análise sobre existencialismo e identidade em a Metamorfose, de Kafka. Disponível em: https://www.unirios.edu.br/revistarios/media/revistas/2020/27/uma_analise_sobre_existencialismo_e_identidade_em_a_metamorfose.pdf. Acesso em: 11 de gosto de 2024.
SARTRE, Jean-Paul; FERREIRA, Vergílio. O existencialismo é um humanismo. 3. ed. Coleção Síntese / Editorial Presença, 1970.
SARTRE, Jean-Paul. O Existencialismo é um humanismo. Tradutora: Rita Correa Guedes. Fonte: L` Existentialisme est unHumanisme, LeséditionsNagel, paris, 1970. http://stoa.usp.br/alexccarneiro/files/1/4529/sartre_exitencialismo_humanismo.pdf. Acesso 28 de julho de 2024.
SARTRE, Jean-Paul. O ser e o nada - Ensaio de ontologia fenomenológica. Tradução Paulo Perdigão. 20. ed. Petrópolis, RJ:Vozes, 2011.
SEOW, C. L. Ecclesiastes: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible 18C. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.
SEYBOLD, K. “הֶבֶל,” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: Eerdmans, 1978.
SHUSTER, Martin. Being as Breath, Vapor as Joy: Using Martin Heidegger to Re-read theBook of Ecclesiastes. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. v. 33, n.2, p. 219-244, 2008.
SUN, Chloe. Ecclesiastes among the Megilloth: Death as the Interthematic Link. Bulletin for Biblical Research, v. 27, n.2, p. 185-206, 2017.
WATSON, Francis. Text, Church and World: Biblical Interpretation in Theological Perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994.
ZIMMERMAN, Frank. The Inner World of Qoheleth. New York: KTAV, 1973.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kerygma

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish on Kerygma must agree to the following terms:
- Once accepted for publication, the copyright of articles is automatically transferred to Kerygma.
- All material used in the text that is copyrighted by third parties must be duly referenced.
- Authors must also retain the reproduction rights of images and tables in their material, if necessary.
- The authors guarantee that the submitted text is entirely their authorship and has not been submitted and/or published elsewhere.
- The opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts are the sole responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Kerygma;
- The editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's norms.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, which allows sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they give proper credit to you and their new works are not used for commercial purposes. However, users are not required to license those derivative works under the same terms.
- The authors agree with the free reproduction of their material by Kerygma, which may adapt, modify, condense, summarize, reduce, compile, expand, alter, mix with other content, include images, graphics, digital objects, infographics and hyperlinks, illustrate, diagram, divide, update, translate and carry out any other transformations, requiring the participation or express authorization of the authors.
- The authors agree that Kerygma can distribute the articles through cable, fiber optics, satellite, airwaves or any other system that allows access to the user at a specific time and place, either by free channels or by systems that import payment. Kerygma may also include work in a physical or virtual database, archiving in printed format, storing on a computer, in a cloud system, microfilming and other current forms of archiving or that may still be developed, with or without profit.
- Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g., publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment in the new publication of its initial publication in this journal.
- Kerygma owns the rights to all works published by it. The full reproduction of these texts in other publications, for any other purpose, by any means, requires written authorization from the publisher. The same goes for partial reproductions, such as summary, abstract, portions with more than 500 words of the text, tables, figures, illustrations, etc.
- Authors are granted permission and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process. This is because it can lead to productive alterations and increase the impact and citation of the published work. (See "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.")